What Causes Crohn's Disease?

There are many theories regarding Crohn's disease, but none has yet been proven. One theory suggests that some agent, perhaps a virus or bacteria, affects the body's immune system and triggers an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal wall.

Although there is a lot of evidence that patients with this disease have abnormalities of the immune system, it is not known whether the immune problems are a cause or a result of the disease.

Physicians believe that there is little proof that Crohn's disease is caused by emotional distress or by an unhappy childhood.

Commonly Affected Populations

Twenty percent of all cases of Crohn's disease affect children. Crohn's disease is seen in children as young as seven years old. Males and females are affected equally.

It appears to run in some families, with about 20 percent of people with Crohn's disease having a blood relative with some form of inflammatory bowel disease. In those who have a family history, it is very likely that Crohn's disease will begin in the teens and twenties.

What Are the Symptoms of Crohn Disease?

The following are the most common symptoms of Crohn's disease. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

• Abdominal pain, often in the lower right area
• Diarrhea
• Rectal bleeding
• Obvious blood in the stools or black, tar-like stools
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Failure to grow

Some people have long periods of remission when they are free of symptoms, sometimes for years. There is no way to predict when a remission may occur or when symptoms will return.

The symptoms of Crohn's disease may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.

How Is Crohn's Disease Diagnosed?

People who have experienced chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and anemia may be examined for signs of Crohn's disease. In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for Crohn's disease may include:

• Blood tests — to determine if there is anemia resulting from blood loss, or if there is an increased number of white blood cells, suggesting an inflammatory process.
• Stool culture — to determine if there is blood loss, or if an infection by a parasite or bacteria is causing the symptoms.
• Endoscopy — a test that uses a small, flexible tube with a light and a camera lens at the end (endoscope) to
  examine the inside of part of the digestive tract. Tissue samples from inside the digestive tract may also be taken for examination and testing (pictured to the right). 
  
• Biopsy — taking a sample of tissue (from the lining of the colon) for examination in a laboratory. 
• Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series — examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first section of the small intestine), often by drinking liquid barium.
• Barium enema — a procedure performed to examine the large intestine for abnormalities. A fluid called barium (a metallic, chemical, chalky, liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up on an x-ray) is given into the rectum as an enema. An x-ray of the abdomen shows strictures (narrowed areas), obstructions (blockages), and other problems. 
  
• Colonoscopy — a test that uses a long, flexible tube with a light and camera lens at the end (colonoscope) to examine inside the large intestine (pictured to the right). 
  

"Short Bowel Syndrome"

The intestines help to digest and absorb foods. Malabsorption occurs when food is not digested well, and nutrients are not absorbed into the body. This can lead to poor growth and development. Children with short bowel syndrome (SBS) can have a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from the foods they eat. Malabsorption occurs because part of the intestines have been removed or are not functioning properly.

Common symptoms of malabsorption include the following:

• Diarrhea
• Steatorrhea (large amounts of fat in the stool)
• Weight loss or poor growth
• Dehydration
• Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

Nutrition & Short Bowel Syndrome

Because diarrhea is the primary symptom of short bowel syndrome, the goal of the diet plan is to help control and/or reduce diarrhea and malabsorption. Guidelines that may help control diarrhea include the following:

• Eat small, frequent meals.
• Avoid foods with milk or milk products containing lactose.
• Drink liquids at room temperature.
• Drink liquids between meals rather than with meals.
• Avoid caffeine.
• Avoid foods with sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol.
• Avoid concentrated sweets such as candy, cakes, and pies.
• Avoid gas-producing foods such as:
  • Beans
  • Peas
  • Broccoli
  • Onions
  • Cauliflower
  • Cabbage
• Include sources of soluble fiber such as:
  • Bananas
  • Rice
  • Applesauce
  • Tapioca
  • Oatmeal

Children with short bowel syndrome often need total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to help meet their nutritional needs. TPN is a special mixture of glucose, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals that are given through an IV into the veins. Many people call it intravenous feedings. TPN provides the nutrients your child needs when he/she can not eat or absorb the nutrients from foods. The TPN solution is usually infused continuously over several hours of the day.

What Is the Long-term Outlook for Crohn's Disease?

Crohn's disease is a chronic condition that may recur at various times over a lifetime. Children may experience physical, emotional, social, and family problems as a result of the disease, increasing the importance of proper management and treatment of the condition.

The following chart summarizes some of the problems children may face: