Does My Child Have Diabetes?

It’s completely normal for parents to worry about their child’s health. If you’ve noticed your child drinking more than usual or needing more bathroom breaks, you might find yourself wondering about serious conditions like diabetes.  

While diabetes is less common in children than in adults, it's crucial to know the signs, as early detection is vital for preventing severe complications. Lurie Children’s experts in Endocrinology, Dr. Abby Dieguez and Dr. Mary McCauley, answer any questions you may have about childhood diabetes. 

What is diabetes in children? 

Diabetes is a disease where the body doesn't produce enough insulin or can't properly use the insulin it does produce. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that acts like a key, unlocking cells to allow glucose (sugar from food) to enter and be used for energy.

When this process breaks down, sugar builds up in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). 

The two most common types of diabetes found in children are: 

• Type 1 Diabetes (T1D): This is an autoimmune disease where the body mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It often appears suddenly and is the most common form of diabetes in children.
• Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): This is much more common in adults, but rates are rising in adolescents. It occurs when the body doesn't use insulin efficiently (insulin resistance) and struggles to keep up with insulin production. 

What are the early signs of diabetes? 

The initial symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes can be subtle, but they tend to progress rapidly. If a child with type 1 diabetes is displaying symptoms, it means that the body isn’t processing glucose as it should. The presentation of Type 2 diabetes may be even more subtle, but the symptoms are similar, though Type 2 tends to occur in children who are overweight or obese. Here are the most common signs and symptoms to look out for. 

Frequent Urination 

The most common sign is a dramatic increase in the frequency of urination, medically known as polyuria. When there is too much sugar in the blood, the kidneys try to flush out the excess glucose, pulling large amounts of water along with it. You might notice if your child is suddenly wetting the bed again after being potty trained, or they are having accidents during the day. They may also need to get up frequently during the night to use the bathroom. 

Excessive Thirst 

This is directly linked to excessive urination. Because the body is rapidly losing fluids through frequent urination, the child becomes constantly dehydrated. Keep a look out if you notice your child seems intensely thirsty all the time, asking for constant drinks of water, juice, or milk, no matter how much they've already had. 

Constant Fatigue 

A lack of energy is a serious sign that your child’s body is struggling. They are unusually sluggish, irritable, sleepy, or just don't have the energy for their usual activities like playing or sports. This is because glucose can’t get into the cells to provide energy.  

Unexplained Weight Loss 

Despite eating normally or even more than usual, a child with undiagnosed diabetes might start losing weight. This is because the body, unable to use glucose for fuel, begins breaking down fat and muscle tissue for energy, leading to rapid weight loss. 

When to Contact Your Pediatrician 

If you notice any of the above symptoms, especially if they appear suddenly, contact your pediatrician immediately. A simple blood or urine test can quickly confirm or rule out diabetes. 

It is particularly important to seek emergency care if you notice these urgent symptoms, which can indicate a dangerous complication called Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): 

• Deep, rapid breathing (like panting) 
• Fruity odor on the breath (like nail polish remover)
• Severe abdominal pain
• Nausea and repeated vomiting
• Confusion or extreme drowsiness 

While noticing these signs can be frightening, early diagnosis and treatment can help your child manage their diabetes effectively and live a full, healthy life. If you have any concerns, always trust your instincts and consult your child's pediatrician. 

Diabetes Screening for Children 

Additionally, if your child has risk factors for diabetes, they may be screened for risk even without the presence of symptoms. For instance, children who have family members with type 1 diabetes, or a personal or family history of autoimmune disorders (such as thyroid or celiac disease), can be screened for type 1 diabetes by measuring antibodies to parts of the pancreas. If your child is overweight or obese, and there is family history of type 2 diabetes, they can be screened for insulin resistance. 

Learn more about Lurie Children’s Pediatric Diabetes Program here.

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